The events described in Chapter 5 take place where most of the events of Chapter 1 took place, on the Bannon farm a few miles outside Aven. In fact, Chapter 5 reintroduces all of the characters the reader encountered in Chapter 1: Joe Bannon, Jeanie Bannon and two of Buck's younger brothers, Hearn and Jeff. Buck's return to the Bannon farm takes place about 1889, two years after Buck made the decision to move to Aven after he turned 18. Times have changed on the Bannon farm. Even though Joe Bannon is still a prosperous farmer, time and hard labor have taken its toll on old man Bannon and as he loses his strength the Bannon farm risks falling apart because when it comes to Buck's younger brothers "ain't neither one of them to much hand to work."

  The events described in Chapter 5 take place where most of the events of Chapter 1 took place, on the Bannon farm a few miles outside Aven. In fact, Chapter 5 reintroduces all of the characters the reader encountered in Chapter 1: Joe Bannon, Jeanie Bannon and two of Buck's younger brothers, Hearn and Jeff. Buck's return to the Bannon farm takes place about 1889, two years after Buck made the decision to move to Aven when he turned 18. Times have changed on the Bannon farm. Even though Joe Bannon is still a prosperous farmer, time and hard labor have taken its toll on old man Bannon and as he loses his strength the Bannon farm risks falling apart because when it comes to Buck's younger brothers "ain't neither one of them too much hand to work."

Chapter 5 opens with Buck loosening the reins on his little red mare so he can speed his shiny new rubber-tired buggy down the road toward the Bannon family farm. He's wearing a derby hat and dressed in his Sunday best coat and tie but protected from the road dust by a driving coat. 20 year-old Buck has now acquired all the hallmarks of a successful businessman but it's hard to  imagine that a former farm boy who'd never left home during his first eighteen years of life would move to a town only a few hours wagon ride away from his childhood home and then wait two years before returning to visit his parents and twelve brothers and sisters at the old home place but once the reader understands the purpose of Buck's mission, his absence begins to make sense.  Buck hasn't visited his parents in two years because Buck was too busy making money and now he plans on using that money to create a better life for his large family. Buck senses that the new growing season will be his father's last cotton crop but Buck believes he has a way for his father to avoid the grave, to cease his hard labor and to enjoy his last days by leaving the Bannon farm and moving to Aven. Buck feels he can successfully convince his parents to make such a drastic change because he's now made enough money in Aven to make it happen. 

It had been four months since Buck closed the deal to buy Green's store in Aven and by this time, he'd accumulated enough cash from that enterprise along with his payday loan business to accomplish his mission which according to Bascom in Interlude #2 was "to argy his folks into movin' to Aven." There will be one person in the Bannon family who Buck won't have to convince to move and that's his brother Hearn who, upon Buck's arrival at the Bannon place, sees Buck's latest fashion and brand-new rig and exclaims, "Look here, Buck. Take me back when you go. Maybe I can get a buggy, too." Convincing Buck parents to leave the family farm and move to Aven was going to be a lot more challenging than convincing his little brother.

Buck had taken on a great challenge when he decided that after a two year absence, he would return to the Bannon farm and reframe reality for his family by convincing his parents to leave their farm. If experience is the measure of a life then the commercial life of a railroad town beats the Bannon farm every time but if the measure of one's life is love and companionship, then the family farm beats the Aven rat race every time. Buck understands this as he approaches the Bannon place in his new rubber-tired buggy. He reminisces about the smells and tastes of his childhood, saying to himself, "Hey, Lord, a little eatin' like that will make me forget the grubbin' I been doin'. Sellin' and buyin' all day and lendin' and collectin' most of the night. Worth it, though, ever' minute of it." In Chapter 1, Buck let his parents know what he thought of their farm when he joked that the hump in his nose "comes o' rootin' for vittles in this here sorry clay." Now in Chapter 5, Buck has sharpened his argument when he tells his father, "Farmin' right now ain't helpin' you none." To his Mother, Buck is even more brutal in his opinion of the Bannon farm's future, "Sell it, or throw it away. Do anything, but get Papa off it." 

One of Jeanie Bannon's favorite expressions is, "Shirtsleaves to shirtsleaves." This 19th century maxim refers to the tendency of the children of those who have escaped poverty to squander what wealth their parents have accumulated and to see the family return to a state of poverty. Buck shares the same fear as his mother and his attempt to create his own commercial empire in Aven is his way to avoid catastrophe because Buck knows that he will never take his father's place on the family farm and he also knows his brothers will never succeed at farming. As he tells his mother, "...they won't never put out enough on this place to help Pa much. This ain't no one horse farm. It needs good labor and lots of it."

Buck has an alternative to farming. Buck proposes that the family move to Aven so they can "farm" the farmer. Buck asserts to his mother,"Look, pore farmers have got to be furnished and somebody's got to furnish them...See here, the man that does the furnishin' makes more'n the farmer. You know that. Rent him his land, sell him his tools, seeds, guano, anything he wants. He'll own you and he won't like you. He'll cuss you, but you'll have to take it. He may kick you, but take it. Then, by God, if he makes a crop, take it."

Aven's dishonest commercial world which Buck describes to his mother abounds with every social evil associated with greed gratification but Buck's argument makes an impression on Jeanie Bannon. She knows that the farm's future is unsustainable. As she tells Buck, "A man breaks land for forty years but the land don't break a man but once." But Aven's ways aren't the Bannon ways and Mrs. Bannon cannot imagine selling her family's hard earned land and moving to a town where "them pickpockets'll fight over you." Buck ends his sales pitch to his mother before it turns into an argument by saying, "You all muddle it out tonight. It won't hurt." With that mother and son call it a night and go to bed. 

From his pallet on the floor in the children's room, Buck finds himself unable to sleep. Laying there, Buck listens to the sounds coming from his parents' room. When he hears his mother get out of bed and walk into the kitchen to the back porch, Buck gets up and follows her outside and whispers, wanting to know what his father said about moving to Aven. His mother replies, "What did he say? What he said don't count. It's other things. It was him- fumblin' at the ham tonight, and hackin' it up when he used to cut it like butter. It's me havin' to button his shirt and make out like I'm doin' it for fun. It's them things, them, and him turnin' over in yonder and flingin' his poor stiff hands out in his sleep. They're the things that'll move us."

Buck knows that his mother is the decision maker in the family and that this is one decision that she doesn't want to have to make. Buck leaves his mother on the back porch but before closing the door, he overhears her prayer which she whispers and she stands on the porch looking up to the heavens, "Please don't let me be scared of all them folks."

Mrs. Bannon understands that there is no alternative to leaving the farm so the family will move to Aven but she will never forget the cotton farm. She and her family's memories of the good things about farm life will become an Edenic myth. In modern Aven the Bannons will will preserve many of their rural customs and continue to eat their country cooking as reminders of the happier and more harmonious life they lived but lost when they left the farm. 

 Minnie Baker Shadgett (1871-1932) was the model for the character of MYRT BANNON in the novel DEVIL MAKE THIRD. (a "brag mule" is a large specimen that can act as the leader of a mule team. clipping from the September 10, 1932 DOTHAN EAGLE)

page 50 and 51 of DEVIL MAKE A THIRD:

Buck leaned forward and his eyes had an eager light in them. "Mother's havin' to work like a brag mule, feedin' everybody on this place." His father shook his head again.

"We made out with less," he said, stubbornly. "Reckon she can do it with the girls' help."

Buck slapped his hand on his knee, then held up two fingers.

"Myrt and Nance," he said, "both got married as soon as somebody found out they could cook. The others ain't no help now, and if they learn, the same thing will happen." He leaned closer. "Can't you see, Papa, how Mother is fadin'? Hell, she can't stay over a stove till she dies. Get her out of it, bring her to Aven..."

 

 

 

 ROBERTOREG'S NOTES ON CHAPTER 5

Chapter 5 of DEVIL MAKE A THIRD sees Buck return to the family farm for the first time in two years.

INNERARITY'S CLAIM

Robert Register and James Hargrove

North of the Apalachicola River bridge, Market Street intersects Forbes Street, Leslie Street and Panton Street. These streets were all named on the 1835 plat of Apalachicola as a legacy to three partners of Panton, Leslie and Company, the old Indian trading firm that was renamed John Forbes & Company in 1804. 

The future Apalachicola was sandwiched between two of Forbes’ immense land claims, which were the largest Spanish land grants in the Territory of Florida. To the east lay over 1.4 million acres called Forbes Purchase, which John Forbes & Company had sold to the men who founded the Apalachicola Land Company in 1817. To the west lay a 1.2 million acre grant that was named Innerarity’s Claim on Searcy’s 1829 map of Florida. 

Whereas the Forbes Purchase had originated in an 1804 land cession from the Creek Indians in payment for bad debt, Innerarity’s Claim resulted from losses sustained from British-provoked attacks and looting during the War of 1812-1815.

Assisting Americans during the First Seminole War

After their defeat to General Andrew Jackson at New Orleans, British forces returned to Apalachicola and Dauphin Island in 1815 to plan a large scale invasion that would capture all American possessions along the Gulf of Mexico and give them control over the Mississippi River. In early February, a large British force had begun to attack Ft. Boyer at Mobile Point (present-day Fort Morgan) when news arrived that the Treaty of Ghent had been signed.

In May, Col. Edward Nicolls sailed for England, leaving the former British fort on the Apalachicola River in control of a regiment of erstwhile black Colonial Marines and Choctaw Indians he had armed and trained. Even though the fort was in Spanish territory and the War of 1812 was over, the men continued to fly the British flag and promised to defend the fort against American forces.

Shortly after the British departed, two of Colonel Nicolls’ former lieutenants, George Woodbine and Robert Ambrister, went to the Seminole town at Suwannee in an attempt to wrest Florida from Spain. They were joined by a trader from the Bahamas named Alexander Arbuthnot, who opened stores on the Ochlockonee and Wakulla Rivers to confront the rival firm of John Forbes & Co. Arbuthnot, Ambrister and Woodbine planned to act as agents for the Creeks and Seminoles to help regain their lands, meanwhile carving an empire out of the territory much as William Bowles had attempted 20 years earlier.

At risk to their lives, Forbes’ agents William Hambly and Edmund Doyle were then managing the store at Prospect Bluff and plantations that they owned up the Apalachicola River at Spanish Bluff. Hambly wrote to Arbuthnot, warning him to stop fomenting an Indian war and associating with Woodbine, Ambrister, and the outlaws in the fort.

Hambly had helped build and manage the British fort at Prospect Bluff, and knew the layout perfectly. Afraid to keep working close to what had become known as the Negro Fort, Hambly made his way up the river to a U.S. garrison at Fort Scott on the Flint River, and explained the fort’s defenses to the commander, Lt. Col. Duncan Clinch, just before U.S. generals Andrew Jackson and Edmund Gaines ordered that the fort be destroyed.

Clinch was joined on the river by two U.S. Navy gunboats that sailed to Prospect Bluff from Apalachicola Bay. On July 27, 1816, they moved the gunboats into range, and sailing master Jairus Loomis fired a heated cannonball that struck the powder magazine of the fort. The gunpowder detonated and killed 270 of the 300 defenders. The attack incensed Arbuthnot, Ambrister and the Seminoles, who blamed William Hambly for the destruction of the fort, just as Colonel Nicolls had blamed James and John Innerarity for British losses in the battles at Mobile and New Orleans.

Destruction of the fort at Prospect Bluff shortly initiated the First Seminole War, sparked by a massacre of 36 men, women and children on the Apalachicola River. In 1818, Andrew Jackson’s forces invaded Spanish Florida, burned the Seminole town at Suwannee, and captured the Spanish fort at St. Marks. Woodbine escaped back to Nassau, but Ambrister and Arbuthot were captured and executed. The United States began negotiating with Spain for cession of Florida, and the treaty of 1819 stated that only Spanish land grants deeded before January 24, 1818 could be valid. That provision was to decide the fate of Forbes Purchase and Innerarity’s Claim.

Decline of the trading empire

Constant warring from 1813-1818 had ended Forbes & Co.’s trade with Indian tribes, and 14 of its stores closed, leaving James and John Innerarity managing the last two in Mobile and Pensacola. Lawsuits to recover their estimated losses of $100,000 were overturned in British courts.

John Forbes and his daughters moved to Cuba in 1817, where he closed out his days running a sugar mill with his sons-in-law on the Canimar River. In 1818, he petitioned the Captain-General of Cuba, Don Jose Cienfuegos, to repay John Forbes & Co. for its losses by awarding title to all the land from the mouth of the Choctawhatchee east to the point where Sweetwater Creek enters the Apalachicola River. Without consulting the inhabitants of West Florida, the governor agreed to grant the company over 1.2 million acres of land. 

Andrew Jackson was sufficiently impressed by John Innerarity’s good reputation in the Pensacola community that, days after the general assumed command as governor of West Florida in 1821, he appointed Innerarity to the town council of Pensacola. Within a month, however, this cordial relationship became strained because Jackson sided with Mercedes and Caroline Vidal of Pensacola in a minor lawsuit against Forbes & Co.

In 1830, John Innerarity purchased the remaining Forbes & Co. property in Pensacola, thereby ending the firm’s activities there. In addition to enjoying the company of his family, including the marriage of two of his daughters to Americans and the third to his nephew, William Panton Innerarity, he maintained a prominent social and economic status in Pensacola. A respected citizen, in 1830 he was appointed as the vice-consul of France, for which service he was awarded the Cross of the Legion of Honor in 1846.

James continued as the main partner of John Forbes & Company at Mobile from 1818 until his death in 1847 when Forbes & Company ceased to exist. But during some years from the 1820s to the 1840s, he also lived on a plantation in Cuba, where he met Laura Manual Centeno, by whom he had five children out of wedlock.

Richard Keith Call intervenes

Land ownership controversies like “Innerarity’s Claim” were the most pressing problems facing the government in Florida Territory. Not until 1828 did Congress pass a law allowing claimants of large grants like Innerarity’s Claim and Forbes Purchase to file suit against the United States in the Superior Court of the district where the disputed land was located. 

Even though he was a partner with James Innerarity in the purchase of property on Santa Rosa Island, lawyer Richard Keith Call was the last person Innerarity wanted to represent the United States when his case came before Judge Henry M. Brackenridge’s Pensacola courtroom in the fall of 1830. Call, who had served with Jackson at Mobile and New Orleans, was appointed to assist government attorneys in settling larger Spanish grants.

Through service as Florida’s territorial delegate to Congress and as Receiver of Public Monies at the public land office in Tallahassee, Call had become an expert on Spanish land grants and was convinced that all of the Spanish land grants issued in the last days of the regime were frauds. In preparing for the case in 1829, Call received a federal commission that paid him to sail to Havana in pursuit of original documents pertaining to the case.

Call returned to Pensacola and showed Judge Brackenridge that the actual date of the land grant had been altered in order to make it conform with the provision in the treaty that made it illegal to make land grants in Florida after January 24, 1818. In the original document, a line had been drawn through “March” and the word “January” written above it. By a matter of days, James and John Innerarity lost the land grant that compensated Forbes & Co. for wartime losses.

Indian title to the land had already been extinguished by the Treaty of Moultrie Creek with the Seminoles, so the title to land west of Apalachicola was clear. In 1831, Robert Butler, the Surveyor-General of Florida, ordered surveys of the townships west of the river. By 1834, the land was being purchased at the Tallahassee land office for about two dollars an acre.

If R. K. Call had not found the fraudulent date on the original Forbes grant to the land between the Apalachicola and the Choctawhatchee, the land where old St. Joseph was built in 1835 as a rival port to Apalachicola would not have been available.  The saga of the St. Joseph Canal and Railroad Company building a shortcut to Iola would not have happened, and James and John Innerarity would have been among the richest men in Florida.

For decades, the fact that James Innerarity had warned Andrew Jackson about British plans to invade New Orleans was kept secret. However, Richard Keith Call knew of the meeting, and he recounted the event in a speech he gave at Jackson Square, New Orleans in 1855. His account was confirmed by letters found in Andrew Jackson’s public papers, and we now know that John Forbes, James and John Innerarity, and William Hambly all contributed to Andrew Jackson’s victories in the Creek War, the battles of Mobile and New Orleans, and the First Seminole War.

 SIXTY YEARS AGO TODAY!!!!

May 17, 1962 Cloverdale 6th Grade Banquet 

First Row (L to R): Donna Lane, Greg Day, Nancy Bufford, Pat Roney, Linda Bentley, Dennis Huff, Karlene Campbell, Sammy Newton, Jamie Walden, Mike Stewart, Linda Beasley, Lamar Hallford, unknown girl

Second Row (L to R): Mrs. Elma White, Mrs. Bernice McCubbin, Danny Shute, D. J. Underwood, Gloria Halstead, Hayden Prather, unknown girl, Donald Bolden, Don Clark, unknown girl, Lee Hilson, Debbie Hogg?, Ronnie Whitehead, Jimmy Kelly, Earl Siegle, Mrs. Loyce Burdeshaw

Third Row (L to R): Karen Hathcock?, Henry Wheeler, unknown girl, Mike Sharpe, Teresa Kimbrough?, Mike Crenshaw, Gary??, Kathy Adkins?, Larry Paul, Sammy Cherry, Glenda Knighton, Sidney Clark, Tommy Clark?, Randy Seay, unknown girl, Brenda Avery?, Deborah Fewell

Fourth Row (L to R): Timmy Pickett, Robert Register, unknown girl, David Day?, unknown girl

 

#1 Fennoscandia 22%

Origin: Peaks in the Iceland and Norway and declines in Finland, England, and France

#2 Southern France 14.5%

Origin: Peaks in south France and declines in north France, England, Orkney islands, and Scandinavia

#3 Orkney Islands 12.2%

Origin: Peaks in the Orkney islands and declines in England, France, Germany, Belarus, and Poland

#4 Basque Country 11.1%

Origin: Peaks in France and Spain Basque regions and declines in Spain, France, and Germany

#5 Sardinia 10.7%

Origin: Peaks in Sardinia and declines in weaker in Italy, Greece, Albania, and The Balkans

#6 Southeastern India 10.5%

Origin: Endemic to south eastern india with residues in Pakistan

#7 Western Siberia 8.6%

Origin: Peaks in Krasnoyarsk Krai and declines towards east Russia

#8 Tuva 6.8%

Origin: Peaks in south Siberia (Russians: Tuvinian) and declines in North Mongolia

#9 Pima County: The Sonora 2.2%

Origin: Peaks in Central-North America and declines towards Greenland and Eskimos

#10 Northern India 0.8%

Origin: Peaks in North India (Dharkars, Kanjars) and declines in Pakistan

#11 Central America 0.3%

Origin: Peaks in Mexico and Central America with residues in Peru

#12 West Africa 0.3%

Origin: Peaks in Senegal and Gambia and declines in Algeria and Morroco

 

Migration Story A

Ancient ancestry in Austria

Your ancestors came from Austria prior to 491 AD, so let's take a look at what was going on in Austria up to this point:

The Noricum Confederation

Between 200 BC and 15 BC, Austria was ruled by local leaders in a period known as late Iron Age Austria. From around 200 BC, twelve Celtic tribes came together to form a confederation called Noricum under the rule of the Norici. Noricum had productive salt mines (e.g. Salzburg) and high quality iron-ore mines. They traded produce from these with their Roman neighbors at a Roman trading outpost in Magdalensberg.

The Romans Invade

Between 14 BC and 405 AD, Austria was ruled by local leaders in a period known as Roman Austria. Austria was annexed to the Roman Empire and its northern border at the Danube constituted part of the Limes, which separated the Roman Empire from the Germanic tribes inhabiting Central and Eastern Europe. Once the Migration period started the Romans were unable to defend Austria and in 405 AD part of the country was invaded by the Visigoths. People migrated from Italy, Germany, Czech Republic, Poland, Ukraine, and Belarus to Austria due to Roman Invasion and as tribes from Eastern Europe moved west, fleeing the oncoming Huns and seeking out new territory.

Tribes, Huns and the Gothic Kingdoms

Between 406 AD and 526 AD, Austria was ruled by local leaders in a period known as the Migration period. Austria was overrun by a series of Germanic tribes fleeing from the east. After the Visigoths had passed through, much of Austria was conquered by the Huns, which forced a large portion of the population to seek refuge. Hunnish occupation ended with the death of their leader Attila and many Germanic tribes, formerly under Hunnish rule, gained their independence. Tribal warfare drove out the last vestiges of Roman influence and Austria became part of the Ostrogothic Empire. People migrated from Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic, and Germany and Central Asia to Austria as a result of further tribal migration including the Huns of Central Asia and the Ostrogoths, originally from Scandinavia.

 

Movement from Austria to Bosnia and Herzegovina

At some point before 491 AD your ancestors moved to Bosnia and Herzegovina. These are the events your ancestors would have lived through in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Roman Era

Between 9 BC and 400 AD, Bosnia and Herzegovina was ruled by local leaders in a period known as the Roman era. In 9 BC the Romans annexed the area that is now Bosnia and Herzegovina and settled it with Romans citizens from across the empire, introducing Christianity. In 395 AD, when the Roman Empire split, Bosnia and Herzegovina fell within the Byzantine Empire. People migrated from Italy and Greece and elsewhere in the Roman Empire to Bosnia and Herzegovina with the arrival and occupation of the Roman army and assimilation of Bosnia and Herzegovina within the Roman Empire.

The Ostrogothic Kingdom and Tribal Warfare

Between 401 AD and 499 AD, Bosnia and Herzegovina was ruled by local leaders in a period known as the Migration period. When the Byzantine Empire lost control of Bosnia and Herzegovina the invading Ostrogoths incorporated it into the Ostrogothic Kingdom. Over the subsequent decades the Ostrogoths were replaced first by the Alans, an Iranian nomadic people, and then the Huns from Central Asia, whose mighty army caused many Germanic tribes in Eastern Europe to flee to the west. People migrated from Iran, Mongolia, Poland, and Ukraine and Eastern Europe to Bosnia and Herzegovina due to constant raids and invasions by the Ostrogoths, the Persian Alans and Huns, some of whom settled in the region and assimilated with local populations.

 

Movement from Bosnia and Herzegovina to Greece

At some point after 491 AD your ancestors moved to Greece and once they reached there this is what they would have experienced:

The Macedonian Kingdom

Between 323 BC and 146 BC, Greece was ruled by local leaders in a period known as the Hellenistic period. Greek power was at its height under Alexander the Great, but after his death it was divided into the Ptolemaic Kingdom, the Seleucid Empire and the Macedonian Kingdom. The Greek city-states had a degree of autonomy, but king Philip V failed to unite them against the threat of Rome. By 146 BC, after the First and Second Macedonian Wars, Rome had conquered Greece, made Philip its ally and granted the city-states nominal freedom. At the same time, populations moved from Greece to places like the Balkan peninsula, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East and Italy during the conquests of Alexander the Great and the subsequent emigration of Greeks across the empire and Europe for trade and colonization activities.

Roman Greece

Between 145 BC and 330 AD, Greece was ruled by local leaders in a period known as Roman Greece. After the Battle of Corinth, Greece became part of the Roman Empire. Some Greek city-states managed to maintain independence and avoid taxation and the Romans did not replace pre-existing Grecian political and administrative systems. Under Roman rule Greek arts, education and culture continued to flourish and in 212 AD the Roman Empire granted citizenship to all adult men in the Roman world. People migrated from Italy, Albania, Cyprus, Macedonia, Georgia, Bulgaria, and Kosovo and movement around the former Greek Empire to Greece as a result of Roman invasion. At the same time, populations moved from Greece to places like Turkey, Armenia, Albania, and Cyprus and across the Byzantine Empire as Greeks spread widely and were especially respected as teachers and doctors by the Byzantines.

Greece Suffers under the Byzantines

Between 331 AD and 726 AD, Greece was ruled by local leaders in a period known as the Early Byzantine period. The newly Christian Orthodox Greece and the Byzantine Empire prospered as the Roman Empire declined until, in 364 they split. Greece entered a period of prosperity and progressive reform but from the 4th century onwards, was raided by various tribes including Goths, Vandals, Huns, Slavs and Bulgars. Despite improving fortifications, the Byzantine emperors struggled to keep settlers out of the Greek Peninsular and Greece suffered extensive economic damage. People migrated from Romania, Ukraine, Moldova, Bulgaria, and Turkey and other Byzantine countries to Greece due to the immigration and settlement of Slavic people across Greece and the resettlement of Greek-speaking people from Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula. Skilled laborers, traders and artists moved around the Byzantine Empire looking for work. Bulgars were encouraged to settle across Greece by the Byzantine Emperor. At the same time, populations moved from Greece to places like Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, and Italy and the Balkan states in response to the expulsion of Slavic people from many Balkans country leaving vacant land and opportunities. The Byzantines frequently moved Greeks around the Empire, as teachers, slaves, soldiers and farmers.

  MIGRATION STORY B

At some point before 459 AD your ancestors moved to Norway. These are the events your ancestors would have lived through in Norway.

The Nordic Iron Age

Between 500 BC and 800 AD, Norway was ruled by local leaders in a period known as the Nordic Iron Age. During this period Norway was relatively stable; it operated under an extended family-based clan system with chieftains ruling over groups of tribes. Agricultural productivity increased and the Norwegian tribes would trade furs and skins with Romans. A writing system was developed, known as runes. People migrated from Germany, Sweden, and Denmark and Central Europe to Norway due to Germanic tribes migrating through Scandinavia and looking for new lands to colonize during the Migration period. At the same time, populations moved from Norway to places like Central Europe with the migration of Gothic Tribes, Lombards, Heruli and Varangians to Russia and the rest of Europe, especially during the Great Migration.

 

Ancient ancestry in Denmark

Your ancestors came from Denmark prior to 459 AD, so let's take a look at what was going on in Denmark up to this point:

The Danish Tribes

Between 400 BC and 101 BC, Denmark was ruled by local leaders in a period known as the Iron Age. The early Danes relied on agriculture and animal husbandry, traded with Romans and had some communication with the Celtic tribes of Central Europe. However, a change in the climate challenged this agricultural system and prompted many local groups to migrate south into Germany. At the same time, populations moved from Denmark to places like Germany and the Netherlands and Central Europe in response to a worsening climate in Scandinavia.

The Danes Adopt Runes

Between 100 BC and 400 AD, Denmark was ruled by local leaders in a period known as the Roman Iron Age. By the 1st century BC, the Roman Empire bordered Denmark to the south and the Roman influence over the Danes increased, with some Danish warriors fighting in the Roman army. Around 200 AD the Danes adopted a written form called runes.

The Danish Kings and Byzantine Trade

Between 400 AD and 800 AD, Denmark was ruled by local leaders in a period known as the Germanic Iron Age. Though the Roman Empire fell, the Danes continued to trade with the Byzantine Empire. Danish trade began to intensify, typically consisting of pottery, glass and ornaments and, by the 8th century, the first traders were establishing more permanent settlements. Many smaller tribal units had formed a confederation under the hegemony of Danish kings. At the same time, populations moved from Denmark to places like England as part of the migration of Germanic tribes, such as the Angles and Saxons, residing in Southern Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands, to England to fill the power vacuum left be Roman retreat.

 

Fennoscandia Story

The area known as Fennoscandia encompasses the countries of Norway, Sweden, Finland, a part of Russia known as the Kola Peninsula. It also included Denmark during the Viking Age, which forms part of greater Scandinavia. The often blonde haired and blue eyed people of this region are known for their intrepid spirit, braving the bitter winters of northern Europe and conquering lands further afield within the continent, even briefly reaching North America.

The retreat of glaciation at the end of the last Ice Age saw the arrival of hunter-gatherers in the north of Europe between 11,000 and 12,000 years ago.¹ The presence of these people is known from archaeological evidence, but where they came from is still unclear and subject to some debate.² It is likely they were from similar populations that represent much of the early migration of small hunter-gatherer bands that moved into Europe during the Paleolithic.

Agriculture appeared in Scandinavia between 4,000 and 6,000 years ago.^3-6 Archaeological evidence has shown that this farming culture originated in Central Europe and spread north into Fennoscandia.⁷ Similar to other regions in Europe, there has been a considerable debate as to whether this evidence for farming meant that immigrants arrived and pushed out the local ancient hunter-gatherers, or whether farming culture was adopted by the people already living in the area.

Recent genetic studies looking at samples of ancient DNA from preserved bones have found inconsistencies between prehistoric people and later farming populations,² suggesting that there may have been replacement of people to some degree. There are two major language groups in Scandinavia, these being the Germanic language of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, and the Finno-Ugric languages of Finland. The division between the Germanic and Finno-Ugric speaking areas has been used as evidence to support the theory that the Baltic may have been a refugia for earlier hunter-gatherers.^2,8 Analysis of Y-chromosome ancestry from Finno-ugric speakers in Scandanavia and other areas points to a high level of heterogeneity. The potential ancient origins of these people date to 12,000 - 14,000 years ago, when they would have travelled on an ancient Paleolithic migration route that may have gone through Central Asia before turning west to Europe.⁹

The consensus among researchers today is that the genomes of the people of Fennoscandia are of a mixed ancestry, combining ancient hunter-gatherers and more recent Germanic farmers. In areas with more extreme cold climates, there remains more original hunter-gatherer influence, likely due to the marginal nature of farming under such conditions. In Finland, some genetic studies have noted potential historic population crashes as evidence for regional genetic distinctiveness, possibly occurring around 3,900 years ago.¹⁰ Surviving on farming alone was perilous in such an extreme climate and there is evidence for a long coexistence of farming and foraging cultures in Finland.¹

Between 600 and 700 A.D., social changes in Scandinavia marked the start of a migration event of a different kind, one that saw the cultures of Scandinavia make their mark on the rest of Europe. It is believed that economic and political stress, as well as a rapid period of agricultural expansion led to a desire to seek resources and land further afield, giving birth to the start of the Viking Age.¹¹ Various small kingdoms and chiefdoms invaded and colonized many countries within Europe. Vikings raided and invaded much of Northern and Western Europe, taking over lands in England, Scotland, and France. They moved east into Russia and moved further west into Iceland, Greenland, and ultimately North America. They briefly settled in what is now Canada’s province of Newfoundland.^12,13 They often mixed with the local populations, as shown by the mixed British Celtic and Norse origins of Iceland that have been identified both through historical and genetic research.^14,15

The age of the Vikings may have ended in medieval times but the movement of people from Scandinavia has continued to the present day. In recent centuries, many have ended up in parts of United States and Canada, often moving into the Midwest, such as Northern Michigan where a distinct Finnish immigrant community has been well established.¹⁶

In the future, we can envision genetic tests that will be able to distinguish between the ancient hunter-gatherer and more recent Germanic farming components. There may also be tests that can link individuals back to ancient DNA extracted from archaeological skeletal material. What may also prove fascinating for historical enthusiasts is the possibility of future tests that are able to distinguish specific migrations of Viking settlers to different areas of Europe.

 

Southern France Story

Europe has seen multiple waves of migration of humans and ancient human ancestors, with Southern France being a major crossroads in such journeys. The people of Southern France today appear to share many commonalities in appearance with their Mediterranean neighbors. At the same time, the region’s position within Europe to the west of the Alps has facilitated a higher rate of movement of people between north and south.

Southern France and much of the surrounding area was inhabited by Neanderthals during the Paleolithic: an early human species that went extinct upon the arrival of modern humans between 35,000 to 50,000 years ago.¹ The area was at the edge of the Paleolithic ice sheets and was a place of refuge for people pushed back by worsening climate conditions further north. This meant constant movement in and out of the region. The earliest modern humans that arrived in Southern France were Ice Age hunter-gatherers. These people are famous for producing some of the earliest cave paintings known to exist in the limestone caves of the Pyrenees.²

Hunter-gatherer subsistence patterns persisted for many millennia and population density remained low. The development of agriculture in the Middle East and its spread into Europe starting 12,000 years ago³ brought major changes to the region, and involved potentially large-scale migration of people along the southern corridor of the Alps. These people brought their languages, which are believed to be part of the Indo-European language family which exists all over Europe today.^4,5 Virtually all of the currently spoken languages in Europe are thought to relate to this expansion of early farmers. In Southern Europe, this track south of the Alps links the Latin languages of Italy, Spain, and France, while Germanic languages are found north of the Alps.⁶ This suggests that the early farming cultures that arrived in France came through the south and proceeded north.

A Bronze Age culture had developed by 1000 B.C.,^7,8 with settlements throughout Southern France. Over the next millennia, Iron Age societies began to appear throughout all of France, and became unified as a culture known as the Celts.⁹ These Celtic societies formed strong links throughout France and into other parts of Northern Europe. These societies were eventually subdued by the Romans who conquered all of present day France, turning it into the Roman province of Gaul.¹⁰ After the breakup of the Roman Empire, the southern area of France has generally remained within the borders of the Kingdom of France, with some fluctuation in Borders on the Catalonian and Italian sides. Similar regional economic practices have seen it stay firmly rooted in the cultures of the Mediterranean.

The level of linguistic diversity in the region may hint at historical populations that were divided based on ethnic divisions. Catalan, Aragonese, and Gascon are Indo-European languages related to French that are still spoken in other areas of the Pyrenees today.¹¹ Aragonese and Gascon have been in decline in recent centuries. While it may not be possible to link these populations back to the earliest societies in the area, they do provide some grounds for investigating local genetic ancestry.

Future genetic testing may be able to distinguish between early hunter-gatherer influences and later agriculturalists. Some studies have found links between Southern France and its Mediterranean neighbors.¹² Research has also found genetic contributions from other migration events such as Semitic and North African components. In the future, we may be able to distinguish these components as well. It may also be possible to determine which specific groups within Southern France (Catalan, Aragonese, or Gascon) an individual may be more likely related to and what languages their ancestors used to speak.

Orkney Islands Story

The Orkneys are a small group of islands that lie off the North Coast of Scotland. They have a unique history of interaction with Neolithic populations to the south and later conquest by Viking Scandinavians populations from the east. The people of this region pride themselves in their Viking and Scottish roots.

The earliest evidence for human habitation of the islands dates to Neolithic, around 6,000 years ago. This period is associated with multiple-chambered tombs and distinctive ceramics that linked these people to mainland Scotland, where they are thought to have originated.^1,2 Evidence for prehistoric hunter-gatherer cultures in the north of the British Isles that predate the arrival of agriculture is limited to a few archaeological sites in the Hebrides and the Western Isles of Scotland. Dating of these sites places human habitation back as far as 8,500 years ago.³ Challenging environmental conditions at the end of the last Ice Age may have prevented earlier establishment of human occupation. Early Neolithic societies appeared in Scotland around 5,000 years ago.⁴ The shift to agriculture is thought to have been slowed by the relatively cold climate and short growing season. In many areas of Northern Britain, archaeological evidence suggests a foraging subsistence strategy that remained in place for long periods after the arrival of agriculture. The arrival of agriculture, known as the Neolithic, brought changes to burial structures such as the shift toward circular tombs as opposed to chambered tombs.^5,6 Fortified structures known as Brochs have been identified which transition from the Neolithic into the Iron Age between 2,500 and 2,000 years ago.⁷

Evidence for interaction between Orkney and the rest of Scotland during the Neolithic and Iron Age is reinforced by archaeological evidence such as stone monuments that are consistent with those in other parts of the British Isles. Archaeological research shows clear cultural continuities with the Picts during the Iron Age,⁸  an ethnic group that inhabited a large part of northeast Scotland.⁹ The strong links between the Orkney Islands and the Scottish mainland would change when Scandinavian invaders arrived around 800 A.D.¹⁰ These invaders took over the islands and maintained control for several centuries. While Norse migration clearly had a substantial impact on Orcadian demographics, archaeological evidence has pointed toward cultural continuity and assimilation between the Norse and the local population.^11,12 Migration to the islands from the Scottish mainland continued both during and after the period of Scandinavian colonization.

The Orkney Islands eventually rejoined Scotland and have been a permanent part of the country since the 15^th century. While distinguishing between ancient and historic migration from Scotland is currently not possible, recent genetic data supports the interpretation that there is not more than a 40% Nordic contribution in the genetic makeup of Shetland and the Orkney Islands as we know them now.¹³

Future testing may reveal Viking or Pictish ancestry, as well as admixture from more recent movement of people. Separate Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages may also reveal mixed maternal and paternal ancestries. Genetic testing of ancient mummies found in the Orkneys may also lead to links with ancient DNA.

 

 

 W. G. Gray "The Old Sod"  https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Old_Sod/StudFOZmaNYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=racism&fbclid=IwAR2Dhpg_n5nT0dzf6k9VpcNQZISl6-UDFA2PXAkk-sfeT7JAL3fZA3GMlJ4

 Monday, November 11, 1963 DOTHAN EAGLE

JUNIOR CHAMPIONS~ Shown above is the area's champion Junior High football squad. The Young Junior Baby Tigers of Dothan ended the season last week with a 26-6 victory over rival Girard. Both squads were undefeated before the game. Cheerleaders are Patsy Free, Mary Ann Hall, Nelda McCullough, Martha Martin, Cindy Cutts, Gloria Franklin and Joanne Bailey. Members of the football team are (left to right, first row): Manager Robert Register, Charles Myers, Henry Wheeler, Ronald Harden, Everett Cook, Gary Kornegay, Dicky Cauley, Ronald Givens, Harold McAnulty and Manager Sammy Newton. Second row (L-R) Coach Robert Hatcher, Steve Marshall, Charles Dennis Kirkland, Milton Sills, Mike Williams, Glenn Jackson, Jimmy Key, Randy Hicks, Ray Hutto, Dennis Clark, Phillip Smith, Sammy Smith and Head Coach N.K. JENKINS. Third row: (L-R) Pat Hughes, Mike Keel, Steve Wade, Victor Ketterman, Myron Sills, Woody Garner, Bill Coker, Robert Huff, Randy Seay, Denny Steele, Wayne Adkinson and Phillip Paulk. Fourth row (L-R): Denny Branton, Robert LaMunyon, David McGriff, Jimmy Kirkland, George Saad, David Peterson, Wiley Burkett, David Riley, Archie Tucker, Ronnie Myers and Jody Allen.

About 1887, the city changed the name of South Margin Street (15th St.) to CRESCENT STREET and the name of East Margin Street (Queen City Ave.) to QUEEN CITY STREET. This was to promote the new railroad consolidation named the QUEEN & CRESCENT ROUTE which streamlined rail traffic between Cincinnati to New Orleans and ran through Tuscaloosa. All the streets were given numbers about 1900 because the post office requested it in order to begin door-to-door mail delivery.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_and_Crescent_Route

The citizens of Tuscaloosa should make it THEIR CIVIC DUTY to DISCOVER & LEARN how each street name has a connection to their city.

Here's my contribution to the cause:

1. MLK, Jr. Blvd. - WEST MARGIN STREET

2. 31st Ave.- BEAVER STREET

3. 30th Ave.- DEER STREET

4. 29th Ave.- BROWN STREET

5. 28th Ave.- JACKSON STREET

6. 27th Ave.- FRANKLIN STREET

7. Lurleen B. Wallace, S.- JEFFERSON STREET

8. Lurleen B. Wallace, N.- WASHINGTON STREET

9. Greensboro Ave.- MARKET STREET

10. 23rd Ave.- MONROE STREET

11. 22nd Ave.- MADISON STREET

12. 21st Ave.- COLLEGE STREET

13. 20th Ave.- YORK STREET

14. 19th Ave.- BEAR STREET

15. Queen City Ave.- EAST MARGIN STREET (later, QUEEN CITY STREET)

16. 3rd St.- SPRING STREET

17. 4th St.- PINE STREET

18. University Boulevard- BROAD STREET

19. 6th St.- COTTON STREET

20. 7th St.- UNION STREET

21. 8th St.- PIKE STREET

22. 9th St.- LAUDERDALE STREET

23. Bryant Dr.- LAWRENCE STREET

24. 11th St.- OAK STREET

25. 12th St.- WALNUT STREET

26. 13th St.- LOCUST STREET

27. 14th St.- CHESTNUT STREET

28. 15th St.- SOUTH MARGIN STREET (later, CRESCENT CITY AVENUE

 Erich Fromm ART OF LOVING https://getpocket.com/explore/item/philosopher-erich-fromm-on-the-art-of-loving-and-what-is-keeping-us-from-mastering-it?utm_source=pocket-newtab